Abstract: The advance and delay of the rainy season is among the most frequently cited effects of climate change by Ecuadorian farmers. However, its assessment is not feasible using the conventional indicators recommended by the standardized indices of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). This study aims to analyze such advances and delays through harmonic analysis in Tungurahua, a predominantly agricultural province in the Tropical Central Andes, where in-situ data are scarce. Daily in-situ data from five meteorological stations were used, including precipitation, maximum, and minimum temperature records spanning 39 to 68 years. The study involved an analysis of the region’s climatology, climate change indices, and harmonic analysis using Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT) and Wavelet Coherence Transform (WCT) to identify seasonal patterns and their variability (advance or delay) by comparing historical and recent time series, and Kriggin for regionalization. The year 2000 was used as a breakpoint for comparing past and present trends. Results show a generalized increase in both minimum and maximum temperatures. In the case of extreme rainfall events, no significant changes were detected. Harmonic analysis was found to be sensitive to missing data. Furthermore, the observed advances and delays in seasonality were not statistically significant and appeared to be more closely related to the geographic location of the stations than to temporal shifts.

Abstract: Urban green infrastructure is increasingly recognized as a critical buffer against ecological degradation, yet empirical evidence on the long-term stability of ecosystem services (ES) in rapidly urbanizing cities remains limited. Despite widespread assumptions that urbanization inevitably leads to irreversible ecological decline, few studies have quantitatively examined whether ES can persist, or even recover, over multi-decadal time horizons. This study investigates the long-term trajectories of eight urban ES in Seoul, South Korea, across nearly five decades (1978–2025) and eight congressional districts, providing one of the longest temporal assessments of urban ES in East Asia. Using i-Tree Canopy and high-resolution aerial imagery across four benchmark years (1978, 1989, 2010, 2025), this study quantified standardized indicators for carbon sequestration (CSeq), avoided runoff (AVRO), and removal of six atmospheric pollutants (O₃, NO₂, SO₂, CO, PM₁₀, PM₂.₅). Paired-sample t-tests and Cohen’s dz (effect size) were used to assess within-district temporal shifts and the magnitude of ecological change. Results reveal a pronounced period of early ecological stress during rapid industrialization (1978–1989), with negative standardized effect sizes across all services (dz between −0.65 and −0.72). However, these early losses were not sustained. Structural services such as CSeq and AVRO exhibited long-term functional stability, with effect sizes converging toward zero and the 1978–2025 change in CSeq showing no statistical difference (p = 0.784). Pollutant removal services followed an early-decline–followed-by-recovery trajectory, exemplified by CO removal shifting from a large early decline (dz= −0.72) to a modest positive effect in later decades dz = 0.31). These findings indicate that Seoul’s sustained urban greening and environmental policies were effective in preventing further deterioration and maintaining core ecological functions, even if they produced stabilization rather than significant long-term gains in ES delivery.

Abstract: There has been substantial debate regarding the consequences of overtourism in cities. Scholars have also examined variables that are directly and indirectly related to tour-ism, including demography, urban rehabilitation and requalification, gentrification, speculation in the real estate market, the influence of digital booking platforms, and the expansion of short-term rental (STR) accommodation. This research seeks to de-velop a clearer spatial understanding of this last one. By analysing their distribution, density (maximum occupancy), and clustering and by employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this article will propose methodol-ogies to better visualise spatial patterns, providing different perspectives of the city of Lisbon and its most tourism-intensive parishes. The article finds that STR in Lisbon have expanded rapidly, concentrating over-whelmingly in six historic parishes where STR supply and maximum occupancy now exceed resident populations and housing availability. GIS analysis reveals intense clustering in central neighbourhoods—especially Alfama—indicating significant tour-ism pressure and signs of overtourism. These spatial patterns correlate with depopula-tion and rising housing costs. The study concludes that STR are now a decisive factor in urban imbalance and that detailed spatial analysis is essential for regulating tour-ism, defining carrying-capacity thresholds, and developing more sustainable, socially just urban planning policies.

Abstract: The degradation of vegetation cover and the vulnerability of urban market gardening systems to climate risks are a major challenge for food security in peri−urban areas. This study analyzes the spatio−temporal dynamics of vegetation using the NDVI index and assesses its correspondence with producers' perceptions of hydroclimatic impacts. NDVIs were extracted from the MODIS MOD13Q1 product via Google Earth Engine, with a spatial resolution of 250 m × 250 m and a temporal resolution of 16 days, then processed in Python using the xarray library. Additionally, 369 producers in Grand Nokoué were surveyed about the risks of flooding, drought, and heat waves, as well as the adaptation strategies they implement. The results reveal a decline in areas with a moderate to high NDVI index (between 0.41 and 0.81) and an expansion of areas with a low or very low NDVI index (below 0.41), reflecting increased fragmentation and degradation of vegetation cover. Producers' perceptions confirm this vulnerability and reveal different strategies depending on the type of crop and risk, including irrigation, temporary abandonment of plots, agroforestry, and the adoption of resilient crops. These observations highlight the need to implement targeted policies and appropriate agroecological practices in order to strengthen the resilience of urban market gardening systems to extreme climate risks.

Abstract: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are essential for preserving marine biodiversity, yet they face challenges from various human pressures, including vessel activities. This study applies a cumulative, normalized vessel density approach across multiple habitat types to examine the impact of maritime activities on the Southwest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Malta, known as MT101. Vessel activities, including anchoring, mooring, and discharge, pose significant threats to benthic habitats such as sandbanks and seagrass meadows. Despite protective measures, vessels continue to frequent these MPAs, raising concerns about habitat degradation. Using data spanning from 2017 to 2022, this research analyses vessel density distribution and its implications for marine habitats within MPA MT101. The results show the cumulative vessel presence, with passenger and fishing vessels showing consistent high presence along bay areas, and on sensitive habitats such as Posidonia meadows and reefs. While the ecological effects have not been directly measured here, the analysis highlights spatial and temporal hotspots where pressures are likely to be most pronounced, offering a basis for targeted management and monitoring. Proposed mitigation measures include enhanced enforcement of MPA regulations and habitat-specific management strategies. By integrating vessel activity patterns with habitat distribution, this methodological framework provides a transferable tool for assessing cumulative pressures and has direct policy relevance for marine spatial planning and targeted MPA management. The findings emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to ensure the long-term sustainability of marine ecosystems within MPA MT101. This study contributes valuable insights into the understanding of vessel impacts on MPAs and provides guidance for conservation and management strategies in similar marine environments globally.

Abstract: We evaluated the impact of traditional versus catchment-oriented forest harvest scheduling of radiata pine plantations on profitability and rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility in the Uawa catchment, Aotearoa|New Zealand. Our hypothetical case study assumed that 59% of the Uawa catchment area is covered with radiata pine plantations (31,899 hectares). These plantations are located within 89 Catchment Management Units (CMUs) and 1123 hillslope units (HSUs). The HSUs are assumed to be the forest stands with stand ages as measured in 2024. We maximised the Net Present Value of the forests (NPV) subject to non-declining yield (NDY) constraints, considering different maximum harvesting levels (MHL) (10 to 50% of CMU area) that could be allowed for any single CMU during any single 5-year period. We found that profitability increased rapidly when the MHL increased from 10 to 20%, with only marginal increases after 25%. We calculated a proxy for rainfall-induced landslide (RIL) susceptibility as the aggregated sum of the area harvested from each HSU, multiplied by its RIL susceptibility. We then imposed constraints for our RIL proxy to become constant over successive periods. Our final catchment-oriented harvest schedule marginally reduced the Internal Rate of Return from the business-as-usual scenario, from 8.92% to 8.52%. Forest owners’ concerns about the economic and operational effects of catchment-oriented harvest scheduling appear to be surmountable.

Abstract: Flood susceptibility mapping is crucial for understanding flood-prone areas and mitigating the associated risks, particularly in vulnerable regions like the Sebeya Catchment. This study has adopted a GIS-AHP approach integrated with local community knowledge over flood susceptibility factors such as Topographic Wetness Index (WTI), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Precipitation, Slope, Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC), Normalized Vegetative Index (NDVI), Distance to Roads, Distance to River, and Drainage Density. The pairwise comparison matrix was used to determine each factor's weight according to its influence in inducing flood. The findings revealed that 33.1% of the total area has a very and high susceptibility to floods, whereas the rest part of the catchment is moderately susceptible to floods. Most social economic activities in this study are located in high-risk zones, which significantly to appearance of flooding impacts. Current study indicates that, damage to infrastructure, loss of livelihoods, displacement of communities, and increased costs of disaster response are key consequences observed in affected regions. A confusion matrix approach was employed to validate the flood susceptibility map, and the results indicate an overall accuracy of 0.92, confirming strong model performance and reliability. The study further proposes adaptive strategies and provides recommendations for enhancing flood resilience, including improvement in land-use planning, use of early warning systems, and sustainable catchment management. Further studies should develop an economic-loss prediction model based on flood-susceptibility mapping.

Abstract: New methods are needed to monitor environmental treaties, like the Montreal Protocol, by reviewing large, complex customs datasets. This paper introduces a framework using unsupervised machine learning to systematically detect suspicious trade patterns and highlight activities for review. Our methodology, applied to 100,000 trade records, combines several ML techniques. Unsupervised Clustering (K-Means) discovers natural trade archetypes based on shipment value and weight. Anomaly Detection (Isolation Forest and IQR) identifies rare "mega-trades" and shipments with commercially unusual price-per-kilogram values. This is supplemented by Heuristic Flagging to find tactics like vague shipment descriptions. These layers are combined into a priority score, which successfully identified 1,351 price outliers and 1,288 high-priority shipments for customs review. A key finding is that high-priority commodities show a different and more valuable value-to-weight ratio than general goods. This was validated using Explainable AI (SHAP), which confirmed vague descriptions and high value as the most significant risk predictors. The model's sensitivity was validated by its detection of a massive spike in "mega-trades" in early 2021, correlating directly with the real-world regulatory impact of the US AIM Act. This work presents a repeatable unsupervised learning pipeline to turn raw trade data into prioritized, usable intelligence for regulatory groups.

Abstract:

The Damietta–Port Said coast, Nile Delta, has experienced extreme morphological change over the past four decades due to sediment reduction due to Aswan High Dam and continued anthropogenic pressures. Using multi-temporal Landsat (1985–2025) and high-resolution RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery with 1127 DSAS transects, the study documents major shoreline shifts: the Damietta sand spit retreated by >1 km at its proximal apex while its distal tip advanced by ≈3.1 km southeastward under persistent longshore drift. Sectoral analyses reveal typical structure-induced patterns of updrift accretion (+180 to +210 m) and downdrift erosion (−50 to −330 m). To improve predictive capability beyond linear DSAS extrapolation, Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) neural networks were applied to forecast the 2050 shoreline. BiLSTM demonstrated superior stability, capturing nonlinear sediment transport patterns where NARX produced unstable over-predictions. Furthermore, coupled wave–flow modeling validates a sustainable management strategy employing successive short groins (45–50 m length, 150 m spacing). Simulations indicate that this configuration reduces longshore current velocities by 40–60% and suppress rip-current eddies, offering a sediment-compatible alternative to conventional breakwaters and seawalls. This integrated remote sensing, hydrodynamic, and AI-based framework provides a robust scientific basis for adaptive, sediment-compatible shoreline management, supporting the long-term resilience of one of Egypt’s most vulnerable deltaic coasts under accelerating climatic and anthropogenic pressures.

Abstract: Protecting aquatic biodiversity while ensuring reliable hydropower production and water supply remains a core challenge for both water security and biosecurity. In this PRIS-MA-based systematic review, we synthesize evidence from 96 studies on fish guidance and deterrence at hazardous water intakes. We examine non-physical barriers, including acoustic and light cues, electric fields, bubble curtains, and chemical stimuli, as well as physical barriers such as racks, louvers, guidance structures, and nets or screens that aim to divert fish away from intakes and toward selective passage routes. Overall, guidance and deterrence performance is strongly species- and site-specific. Multimodal systems that combine multiple cues show the highest mean deflection efficiency (~80%), followed by light-based deterrents (~77%). Acoustic, electric, and bubble barriers generally achieve intermediate efficiencies (~55–58%), whereas structural devices alone exhibit lower mean performance (~46%), with substantial variability among sites and designs. Physical screens remain effective for larger size classes but can increase head loss and debris ac-cumulation. By contrast, non-physical systems offer more flexible, low-footprint options whose success depends critically on local hydraulics, the sensory ecology of target species, and ambient environmental conditions. We identify major knowledge gaps relating to underlying sensory and behavioral mechanisms, hydraulics-based design rules, and standardized performance metrics. We also highlight opportunities to integrate advanced monitoring and AI-based analytics into adaptive, site-specific guidance systems. Taken together, our findings show that carefully selected and tuned barrier technologies can provide practical pathways to enhance water security and biosecurity, while supporting sustainable fish passage, improving invasive-species control, and reducing ecological impacts at water infrastructure.

Abstract: This study was conducted in order to show the transformative potential of extracting into the same solution and using the substances of the component composition of pomegranate peel and their seeds. First, the peel from hand-peeled pomegranates and seeds from juicing their grains in a laboratory press were crushed using a Reitz mill, then mixed taking into account the natural ratio between these parts in three different pomegranate samples [1-1.58/1, 2-1.03/1 and 3-3.77/1 (weight/weight)]. Maceration of these three mixtures was tested with a 1:2 hydromodule (g/ml) for 4.5 hours at 63 °C (mixtures 1 and 2) and for 2.5 hours at 50-55 °C with the addition of 0.15% of the enzyme Fructozym MA-LG by weight of the extraction mixture (mixture 3). Under these conditions, 44.48±0.97 % came out of mixture 1 into solution, 58.04±1.03 % from mixture 2, and 61.16±1.55% of dry substances from their total weight in the initial crude mixture from mixture 3. At the same time, more protein and fiber came out of mixtures 1 and 2 into solutions, but less fat than from mixture 3. Condensed extracts with a dry matter content of 57.0±0.5 g/100 ml were obtained from the primary extracts, including 3.24±0.03 - 4.93±0.04 g/100 ml of polyphenols and 2.80±0.02-4.00±0.04 g/100 ml of fatty oil. The insoluble residues were converted into two dietary powders with a high protein content (from 6.25±0.06 to 8.37±0.09 g/100 g dry weight) and fiber (from 58.98±0.58 to 62.6±0.65g/100 g dry weight).

Abstract: Minerals extraction from brine solutions is a vital issue for resource recovery in many fields of industry, especially in desalination processes. Usually, the solubility limit is viewed as a key factor that plays a determinant role in the efficiency of a prescribed process. This paper suggests the investigation of the influence of ionic strength, which is a measure of the total concentration of all dissolved ions, on the solubility limits in brines that are extracted from desalination facilities in Kuwait before discharging them into the Arabian Gulf. This information may contribute to the optimisation of the extraction process, especially when treating complex brines with high salinity, and in the case of interest, the mineral extraction from the brine stream may result in the reduction of environmental risk. For this purpose, the solubility of two main minerals (CaSO4 and Mg(OH)2) was measured for several values of ionic strength achieved by adjusting the concentration of the brine solutions. Results show a non-linear relationship between ionic strength and the solubility limit of the target minerals, with behavior similar to that that could be found in the literature. In the case of CaSO4, it was found that the behavior of the solubility in the case of a diluted solution or low ionic strength is not the same as in the case of a brine solution; the latter has a reverse pattern. On the other hand, the solubility of Mg(OH)2 in Kuwait brine water was shown to decrease as the ionic strength of the brine solution decreased. Other minerals obtained by the extraction process are under analysis. The findings of this work provide crucial insights for process design, enabling more precise control over precipitation steps and enhancing the overall yield and economic viability of mineral extraction from complex brine resources.

Abstract: Airborne natural-source electromagnetic methods are increasingly applied in mineral exploration, yet direct comparisons between different passive systems remain limited. This study evaluates the performance of the broadband, total-field MobileMT system relative to the ZTEM tipper method using coincident survey data acquired over the El Teniente and La Huifa porphyry deposits in central Chile. MobileMT applies classical magnetotelluric principles to airborne three-component magnetic measurements and a stationary electric-field reference, producing broadband admittance tensors and rotationally invariant responses across 30 narrow frequency windows. The results show that MobileMT achieves superior geological resolution even in the presence of a strong cultural noise (El-Teniente), and in low-noise conditions (La Huifa) due to greater usable bandwidth, and improved sensitivity to both shallow and deep conductivity structures. At El Teniente, ZTEM data are strongly affected by powerline interference, limiting usable bandwidth and obscuring conductive alteration zones, whereas MobileMT retains coherent responses and resolves potassic cores, alteration shells, and subvertical feeder structures. At La Huifa, where cultural noise is minimal, ZTEM still produces comparatively weak, laterally incoherent anomalies, while MobileMT defines a continuous structural corridor and the vertical extent of the porphyry system. These findings demonstrate that broadband total-field airborne MT provides enhanced geological resolution and depth penetration in rugged terrain and culturally noisy environments, offering clear advantages for porphyry exploration.

Abstract: Sabalan Dam Lake, located at ~4,800 m above sea level in northwestern Iran, serves as a strategic freshwater source for Ardabil Province. Despite its high-altitude and volcanic setting, recent evidence suggests emerging water quality degradation due to a combination of geogenic and anthropogenic stressors. This study presents the first integrated assessment of pollution status, sources, and spatial distribution in the lake and its inflowing rivers during the spring season. Water samples from nine representative stations were analyzed for physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal parameters (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu), and results were evaluated against WHO, EPA, and Iranian national standards. GIS-based spatial interpolation was employed to identify pollution hotspots and link them to potential sources. Findings revealed that while most physicochemical parameters remained within permissible limits, lead (28.85–62.72 µg/L) and cadmium (11–23.94 µg/L) concentrations exceeded WHO and EPA thresholds by 2–8 times across all stations attributed to natural leaching from Sabalan’s andesitic-basaltic formations and anthropogenic inputs from upstream rural settlements. Microbiological contamination was widespread, with total coliforms (260–1,100 MPN/100mL) and fecal coliforms (0–1,150 MPN/100mL) indicating significant fecal intrusion, particularly near villages and livestock areas. The lake has shifted from an oligotrophic to a mesotrophic state (mean TP ≈ 20 µg/L), signaling early eutrophication. Spatial analysis identified three critical hotspots (Stations 2, 6, and 8) where geogenic metal release and rural pollution converge. These results challenge the assumption that high-altitude lakes are inherently pristine and underscore the dual vulnerability of volcanic reservoirs to natural and human-induced pressures. We recommend a dual-track management strategy: (1) geochemical mitigation (e.g., lime softening to reduce metal bioavailability) and (2) source control (e.g., decentralized wastewater systems, livestock exclusion zones). This study provides a replicable framework for assessing data-scarce, high-elevation reservoirs in arid and semi-arid regions globally.

Abstract: Plastic pollution is a global challenge. Despite plastics being complex chemical mixtures, hazard research has focused on particulate forms and the risks of plastics additives, especially for environmental organisms, remain poorly understood. This is a significant knowledge gap considering ubiquitous organismal exposure to plastics and the associated 16 000+ additives. The aim of this study was to provide ecotoxicological characterization of aqueous eluates of foamed plastic consumer products and propose a test battery for toxicity screening. For that, hazard of eluates of six randomly selected foamed plastic products was evaluated using aquatic decomposers, autotrophs and heterotrophs (Vibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Lemna minor, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Heterocypris incongruens, Daphnia magna). Alarmingly, all plastic eluates affected the organisms, though toxicity varied among materials and species. Results showed that short-term contact may underestimate plastic eluate toxicity. To increase environmental relevance of hazard assessment of foamed plastic eluates, harmonizing leachate preparation, using natural water and avoiding (excessive) filtration of eluates should be considered. OECD/ISO assays with R. subcapitata, H. incongruens and D. magna (96 h) can be recommended as a minimal sensitive battery for effective screening of plastic eluate toxicity.

Abstract:

The development of new chemicals and materials that are inherently safe and sustainable throughout their entire life cycle has become a critical objective in the context of the green transition. This challenge is especially significant for plastics, which often contain complex mixtures of chemicals that may be released during various stages of their life cycle, from manufacturing to use and end-of-life management. Such releases can pose risks to human health and the environment. Within this context, the Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) framework was followed to support the design of an innovative epoxy-vitrimer composite that integrates non-releasable fire-retardant functionalities, aiming to produce a safer, recyclable materials suitable for railway applications. This study presents the identification and quantification of potential releases as part of Steps 2 and 3 of the SSbD framework. A dedicated methodology was established to evaluate the potential release of materials such as flame retardants, non-intentionally added substances, and microplastics throughout the product’s life cycle. A systematic template was developed to identify release hotspots potentially affecting workers, consumers, and environmental species and organisms. Based on these findings, experimental simulations were conducted to compare release profiles between a benchmark and the SSbD alternative.

Abstract: Promoting the clean energy transition is crucial for environmental sustainability and public health. Utilizing data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) spanning 2006 to 2015, this study employs a Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, treating China's West-East Gas Pipeline Project (WEGT) as a quasi-natural experiment to evaluate the causal impact of natural gas infrastructure expansion on resident health. The empirical results indicate that the WEGT significantly improved public health, with more pronounced effects observed among urban residents and the elderly. Mechanism analysis reveals that the infrastructure improves health primarily by optimizing household energy structures and reducing industrial pollution emissions. Furthermore, the "Coal-to-Gas" policy synergistically enhances these health benefits. Welfare analysis demonstrates that the project reduced medical expenditures and increased local employment. These findings provide empirical evidence for deepening supply-side structural reforms in energy and support the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to good health (SDG 3) and affordable clean energy (SDG 7).

Abstract: An important part of geometry computations for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) carried on a satellite platform is to convert between the instrument-specific coordinate system and a geocentric coordinate system such as Cartesian Earth-centered, Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinates, geodetic coordinates (latitude/longitude) or a projection of these. The solutions for points on or near ellipsoid height typically involves iteration over geodetic coordinates, which means performing the transformation from geodetic to ECEF and its 6 partial derivatives in every iteration step. We present a method for solving these equations in the satellite’s zero Doppler plane, which is typically used as coordinate plane for SAR systems with small squint angles. Solving the system in this plane means one of the constraints is satisfied implicitly, and allows solution which satisfies the other constraint (correct range from satellite) to be solved using a one-dimensional Newton method. The method is simple to implement, fast and accurate. For targets on the ellipsoid, the solution can be made as accurate as machine precision allows. For high-precision applications with targets at non-zero height above the ellipsoid, a small correction step is necessary, and we describe how to arrive at this step.

Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive nighttime contrail characterization combining Raman lidar, ADS-B flight data, and ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis over southern France. Observations of different case studies of contrail formation and development throughout their lifetimes provide valuable insights into the contrail’s morphological, microphysical, and optical properties, persistence, and dispersion. We present a multi‑source methodology to detect and characterize nighttime aircraft contrails over the Observatory of Haute-Provence (OHP) in France. Determination of contrail’s signatures was performed by applying sensitivity analyses by spatiotemporal thresholding and clustering for contrail detection. Optimizing the thresholds permits improving contrail detection and reducing unnecessary noises. Here, the optimal combination of these thresholds that better reduces false positives and negatives was SR = 2.1, time = 7.2 min, and altitude = 0.3 km. Subsequently merging the resulting spots yields persistent contrail signatures at altitudes of 8.7–10.3 km with thicknesses of 0.1–1.1 km, widths of 2–28 km, and optical depths of 0.05–0.40. Contrail optical depth correlates significantly with geometrical thickness and width and highlights the interplay between contrail morphology and ambient thermodynamic conditions. Our methodology demonstrates the value of combining lidar and flight data for contrail characterization, using lidar measurements, flight data, and meteorological information.

Abstract: Traditional air temperature-based climate indices can be of high uncertainty in regions where ground observations are scarce. In this study we demonstrate how satellite-based heat indices can overcome the lack of station data. We calculate Summer Days and Tropical Nights indices defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) for Switzerland and Europe, based on long-term Land Surface Temperature (LST) satellite climate data being available through EUMETSATs Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). Furthermore, we developed a novel "Extremely Hot Days index", particularly tailored to satellite-based LST data. We find that these satellite-based indices are highly correlated with station-based indices in Switzerland with coefficients of determination R2 of 0.86, 0.84 and 0.81. Results show strong increase in the satellite-based climate indices of up to 12 days per decade since 1991 in parts of Europe such as the Po Valley. With the new Extremely Hot Days index we find a pronounced increase of up to 12 days per decade along the Mediterranean coast, complementary to traditional indices. This demonstrates that satellite-based LST has a high value for accurately monitoring heatwaves. The presented methods can be applied globally wherever stable satellite data is available.