Abstract: Urban Green Space Per Capita (UGSPC) is one of the oldest and most widely applied indicators in urban planning, providing a measure of green areas in relation to the population size. Despite its century-long application and decades of research, no global systematic review has previously synthesized how UGSPC has been applied, interpreted, and evolved across different contexts. This study aims to fill that gap by conducting the first comprehensive systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, examining the usage, trends, and effectiveness of UGSPC in both developed and developing countries. Thematic analysis revealed that most studies were published in journals focused on sustainability and environmental science. The results show a surge in publications following the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting a growing recognition of the importance of urban green spaces for public health and livability. Moreover, 67% of the studies were conducted in developing countries, while 30% of the publications were in developed countries. Higher UGSPC values are generally found in developed cities; however, this was not a rule. Time series studies showed a decline in UGSPC in some developed and developing countries, influenced by factors such as population density, urbanization stage, climate, and economic conditions. Although UGSPC is widely used, most municipalities typically develop their plans based on this measurement. 95% of the included research incorporated additional measurements, including accessibility, social equity, spatial patterns, ecological services, ecosystem benefits, and human health. This study suggests that UGSPC is still used as an indicator in urban planning and policy and integrating it with other indicators can serve as contemporary indicators to capture better equity, functionality, and sustainability in urban environments.

Abstract: This paper introduces the Sextuple Helix Innovation Model as an extension of the Quintuple Helix Innovation Model by Carayannis and Campbell. It considers the understanding of generative AI (GenAI) as a sixth helix of knowledge production in sustainable innovation ecosystems. Accordingly, the knowledge economy of GenAI will be discussed in the context of innovation processes of cultural and creative industries. While GenAI is largely described in social discourses as a tool that potentially replaces human creativity and thus destroys jobs, this paper discusses GenAI as an entity with a specific knowledge economy that contributes to creative innovation processes in exchange with the five established helices of science, politics, economy, the media- and culture-based public and the natural environment of societies. With the help of a scoping review, a comprehensive evaluation of academic literature from the fields of creative industries, cultural policy, and innovation research, based on a constructivist epistemological approach and knowledge economy theory, confirmed that the positioning of GenAI as an epistemic actor in the Sextuple Helix Innovation Model reframes and redefines discourses beyond the prevailing narratives of disruption and regulation.

Abstract: Background: The rapid integration of digital technologies into everyday life has raised widespread concerns regarding the psychological consequences of prolonged screen exposure. While prior studies have shown associations between screen time and mental health issues, findings have often been inconsistent, largely due to simplistic linear models and limited behavioral contextualization. This study aims to address these gaps by evaluating how various forms of screen use, lifestyle behaviors, and psychological indicators jointly influence mental wellness in a population of digitally active individuals. Methods: We analyzed a self-reported dataset of 400 participants containing detailed metrics on screen use (mobile, TV, laptop), sleep quality, stress, productivity, mood, and other lifestyle behaviors. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation, multivariate linear regression, and K-means clustering with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to uncover behavioral subtypes. Predictors of mental wellness were identified through standardized regression coefficients, and clusters were interpreted based on their psychological and digital usage profiles. Results: Stress emerged as the strongest negative predictor of mental wellness (β = −10.69), followed by sleep quality (β = +5.92) and productivity (β = +4.72). Contrary to prevailing assumptions, total screen time and leisure screen use had minimal direct impact on wellness once mediating variables were included. Clustering revealed three distinct digital behavior phenotypes: (1) Balanced and Active Users, (2) Leisure-Heavy High-Stress Users, and (3) Burnout-Prone Professionals. These profiles showed differing wellness outcomes sharply and validated the multidimensional nature of digital health risk. Conclusion: Mental wellness in digital contexts is best understood through a multivariable lens that accounts for stress, sleep, and self-regulatory behaviors rather than raw screen time alone. These findings challenge traditional screen time metrics and highlight the need for personalized, context-aware interventions. This study offers a replicable computational framework for identifying behavioral risk profiles and supports a paradigm shift from screen avoidance to digital self-optimization.

Abstract: This conceptual paper proposes a purpose-driven experiential marketing framework for film-inspired destinations, integrating sustainability and emotional engagement into destination management. The model comprises five interconnected dimensions — integrated experience, branding, people, emotional touchpoints and processes — articulated through purpose-driven marketing principles and aligned with relevant Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators. This alignment reinforces the model’s capacity to support ethical, transparent, and sustainability-oriented destination strategies. The framework was developed through an interdisciplinary literature review and is illustrated with insights from an exploratory case study of Monsanto, a rural Portuguese village recently featured in HBO's House of the Dragon. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of local stakeholders, including tourists, residents, entrepreneurs, and institutional representatives, and analysed thematically to assess the model’s relevance and practical applicability. The findings suggest that emotional engagement, co-creation, and territorial authenticity play a central role in shaping memorable, film-related tourism experiences that align with the destination’s purpose and value creation. The study also highlights the strategic importance of storytelling, audiovisual narratives and stakeholder collaboration in strengthening place identity and achieving sustainable differentiation. Although the study is exploratory in scope, the framework offers practical guidance for destination management organisations (DMOs), cultural programmers, and creative industry actors. The article concludes by identifying avenues for future research, including cross-regional validation, digital experimentation, and the quantitative assessment of experience dimensions.

Abstract: This study investigates the impact of the Slow Food movement on sustainability and local gastronomy in North Cyprus. After reviewing key concepts such as sustainable gastronomy, local food heritage and regional practices, the research focuses on the five Cittaslow regions of North Cyprus and the development of Slow Food activities since 2013. Using a qualitative design with purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve participants, including local producers, chefs and regional administrators. The study identifies the challenges faced by local businesses, the role of Slow Food in promoting sustainable practices and the ways regional actors contribute to cultural and environmental preservation. Findings highlight both progress and gaps, offering practical recommendations and outlining areas for future research. As one of the few studies examining Slow Food in North Cyprus, the research provides valuable insights and contributes significantly to the existing literature.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate science teacher candidates' knowledge and views on biotechnology education. The research was conducted with the phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research designs. In the study, quantitative data were collected using the "biotechnology knowledge scale" data collection tool, while qualitative data were collected using the "semi-structured interview form". The sample of the study was science teaching students studying in the fall semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. While the "biotechnology knowledge scale" was ap-plied to a total of 283 students, the “semi-structured interview form" was applied to 36 students. As a result of the research, most of the participants answered yes to the question asked about getting biotechnology education. To the question asked about whether science teacher candidates find biotechnology useful, most of the participants answered that they find it useful. Among the answers to the question asked about the benefits of biotechnology, benefits in the field of health, benefits in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry, quality of life and I do not find useful answers to the question, most of the participants answered in the field of health. Among the answers given to the questions about the harms of biotechnology, ethical issues, biological weapons, ecosystem degradation, threatening health and most of the participants answered the question as ethical issues. Among the answers given to the question asked to evaluate the views of science teacher candidates on the importance of educating teachers-biologists in biotechnology education, professional ethics and responsibility, increasing quality, and training qualified teachers, most of the participants answered the question as professional ethics and responsibility.

Abstract: Background: While Behavioral Activation (BA) is a validated and widely used treatment for depression, a subset of cases exhibits a paradoxical failure: patients demonstrate insight, express motivation, and engage in therapy but fail to initiate any behavioral change. Existing behavioral and cognitive models offer limited structural explanations for such ignition failure. Objective: This paper applies Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), an emerging structural field grounded in Lagunian Dynamics and governed by Lagun’s Law of Primode and Flexion Dynamics, to reinterpret a well-documented BA treatment failure. The goal is not to critique BA but to examine whether ignition failure may reflect deeper architectural misalignment rather than motivational deficit. Method: Using secondary analysis, the clinical case of “Karen” (Hopko et al., 2011) is reinterpreted through the CDA framework. Six structural variables (Primode, CAP, Flexion, Anchory, Grain, and Slip) were mapped to observed behaviors, therapeutic responses, and contextual factors. Latent Task Architecture (LTA), a domain-specific extension of Lagunian Dynamics, is used to model task readiness and resistance layering. Results: Karen’s persistent non-initiation is structurally explained by a configuration of near-zero Primode, low CAP, poor Flexion, weak Anchory, high Grain, and minimal Slip. This Drive profile mathematically predicts near-zero behavioral output despite motivation or understanding, resolving the paradox without pathologizing the patient. Conclusion: CDA reframes treatment nonresponse not as resistance or noncompliance, but as a predictable structural outcome under specific internal configurations. This suggests a future direction in which therapeutic approaches are selected based on drive architecture assessment rather than symptom profiles alone. Implications for pre-intervention calibration, clinical modeling, and the structural classification of treatment resistance are discussed.

Abstract:

This article identifies a terminological misrepresentation in the expression “small gatherings cancellation”—ranked by Haug et al. as the most effective non-pharmaceutical intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Corpus-based and theoretical analyses demonstrate that small gathering conventionally denotes a planned or spontaneous social event, while the predicate cancellation reinforces this event-based frame. Consequently, the phrase fails to capture the intended reference to restrictions on simultaneous presence in commercial or professional settings. Drawing on cognitive-linguistic theory and institutional usage from the WHO and CDC, this paper shows how such misrepresentation may trigger unintended conceptual frames, leading to interpretive ambiguity in both scholarly and policy contexts. Three alternatives are proposed to achieve better semantic alignment and enhance terminological precision and communicative clarity in future public-health discourse.

Abstract: Industry 5.0 challenges higher education to integrate human-centred and sustainable uses of artificial intelligence, yet current deployments rarely connect generative AI, neuroadaptive sensing and governance in a single framework. This article introduces Nested Learning as a neuro-adaptive ecosystem design in which generative AI agents, IoT infrastructures and multimodal deep learning orchestrate instructional support while preserving student agency and a “pedagogy of hope”. We present an exploratory two-phase mixed-methods study as an early empirical illustration of this proposal. First, a neuro-experimental calibration with 18 undergraduate students used mobile EEG while they interacted with ChatGPT in problem-solving tasks. Second, a field implementation at a university in Madrid involved 380 participants (300 students and 80 lecturers), embedding the Nested Learning ecosystem into regular courses. Data sources included EEG (P300) signals, interaction logs, self-report measures of self-regulated learning, emotional experience and ethical concerns, and semi-structured interviews. In the lab phase, P300 dynamics aligned with key instructional events, providing preliminary evidence that the neuro-adaptive pipeline is sensitive enough to justify larger-scale studies. In the field phase, 87% of students reported higher engagement and 73% perceived improved learning outcomes, while qualitative data highlighted greater clarity, adaptive support and cognitive safety, alongside concerns about privacy and data sovereignty. Perceived Nested Learning and neuro-adaptive adjustments were moderately associated with enhanced self-regulatory strategies (correlations up to r=0.57, p<0.001). We argue that, under robust ethical, data-protection and sustainability frameworks, Nested Learning can strengthen academic resilience, learner autonomy and human-centred uses of AI in higher education.

Abstract: Human-AI collaboration requires a shared set of operational concepts that can be interpreted across biological and artificial substrates. Traditional terms used to describe cognitive or emotional states - such as "meaning", "anxiety", or "motivation" - lack computable grounding, producing a structural gap that prevents reliable joint inference, alignment, and action selection. Recent developments in information theory, predictive processing, and network control theory show that many of these psychological descriptors correspond to measurable features of information flow: prediction error topology, information bottlenecks, state-space curvature, and metastable coordination regimes. These convergences indicate that subjective vocabulary can be replaced with substrate-independent structural variables. This paper introduces an operational language patch for the Operational Coherence Framework (OCOF), defining five such variables: Structural Magnitude (SM), Structural Predictive Fluctuation (SPF), Structural Suppression (SS), Structural Gain Rate (SGR), and Human-AI Coherence (HA-C). Each variable is grounded in information mechanics and provides a computable signal for analyzing cross-substrate coordination. By translating subjective terminology into structural variables that can be estimated, perturbed, and optimized, this framework aims to establish a rigorous lexicon for describing the coupling dynamics between human and artificial agents. The proposed patch enables reproducible analysis and forms the basis for OCOF v1.2's expanded operational semantics.

Abstract: Developing mental health apps is a complex task that requires co-design, creativity, and reconciliation between clinical and technological priorities, while facing barriers related to ethics, privacy, costs, and team limitations. This work proposes a structured framework derived from the authors’ experience in developing the webapp “Psychosocial Rehab App”, created and validated by specialists, with high usability, and led by mental health professionals. This is a critical-reflective experience report based on SQUIRE, referring to a doctoral project initiated in 2023, with partial completion in 2025 and final implementation expected in 2027. The accumulated know-how enabled the construction of the Framework for the Development of the webapp “Psychosocial Rehab App”: Actions and Recommendations, composed of: Planning, Requirements Gathering, Prototyping, Prototype, Development with Alpha Validation, Beta Validation, Implementation, and Gold Validation. Thus, this work consolidates a methodological and practical trajectory that can guide professionals and researchers in creating robust, safe, and effective clinical technologies, contributing to the advancement of digital mental health.

Abstract: In recent years, Zhu Zhengfu, a deputy to the National People's Congress, has consistently advocated for issues such as ‘abolishing the crime of provoking trouble’, ‘sealing minor criminal records’, and ‘sealing public security violation records for drug use’. His proposals have generated significant influence in both public discourse and legislative debates. On the surface, these proposals appear to champion ‘rights protection’ and ‘humanitarian concerns.’ However, when re-examined within the frameworks of Marxist jurisprudence, Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, and the overall national security outlook, they reveal a series of concerning issues in their logical structure, value orientation, and security perspective. This paper, while clarifying online rumours and adhering to factual foundations, focuses solely on Zhu Zhengfu's publicly available and verifiable legal propositions for analysis. It critiques these from three dimensions: logical reasoning, national security implications, and ideological roots. Furthermore, it proposes a tiered reform pathway for optimising the crime of provoking trouble and the systems governing prior convictions and records under the comprehensive national security outlook. The article contends that several of Zhu Zhengfu's assertions exhibit dualistic reasoning in logic, display pronounced formal liberal rights-centrism in values, and underestimate systemic risks within complex social structures in security perspectives. His discourse system is highly isomorphic with Western legal liberalism, creating significant tension with the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Subjecting the rule-of-law discourse of NPC deputies to public scrutiny from the perspectives of the people's stance and national security is essential to upholding the people's congress system and the overall national security outlook.

Abstract: Under ongoing climate change, environmental conditions in complex global arid and semi-arid ecosystems are rapidly deteriorating. According to NASA observations, the average annual air temperature in the northeastern regions of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan has increased by +1.03°C over the past 40 years (1984–2024). Forecasts derived from a linear regression model indicate that if the current warming trend continues, by 2070 the average annual temperature is expected to rise by an additional +1.47°C, reaching approximately 7.00°C. This projected warming suggests further intensification of environmental challenges in arid regions, including groundwater depletion, soil salinization (degradation), and heightened risks to food security. Consequently, equipping younger generations with high-quality knowledge based on clear analytical algorithms, and integrating complex ecological issues with modern educational technologies, requires innovative and effective methodological approaches. This study responds to this need by introducing the Eco-Decision Spiral Model (EDSM). Empirical findings show that students’ acquisition and practical application of relevant knowledge through the EDSM reached an average of 87.04%, while the comparative WSWNW model demonstrated a more limited effectiveness of 75.48%. The model’s integration with Benjamin Bloom’s classic cognitive taxonomy, STEM and inquiry-based learning principles, Herbert Simon’s bounded rationality and Scientific Decomposition approach, Howard T. Odum’s systems ecology concept, and several other foundational educational frameworks plays a significant role in strengthening learners’ ability to understand, critically analyze, and independently make decisions regarding complex ecological systems. Moreover, the model is highly aligned with international standards such as UNESCO ESD, OECD Education 2030/2040, and the NGSS. This compatibility not only supports the applicability of EDSM in global environmental education and scientific research, but also demonstrates its methodological value in advancing the goals defined within these international initiatives.

Abstract: Urban renewal research has long relied on expert-led assessments and fragmented indicators, yet lacks scalable, perception-aware frameworks that can translate street-level conditions into interpretable renewal strategies. To bridge these gaps, this study proposes a vision–language model (VLM) based method to identify the potentially renewable areas across the Hongshan Central District of Urumqi, China. Specifically, we collected 4,215 panoramas and used multiple VLMs to measure six perceptual scores (i.e., safety, liveliness, beauty, wealthiness, depressiveness, and boringness) together with textual descriptions. The best-performing model, selected by correlation with a 500-respondent perception survey, was used as the final analysis to identify the renewal area. Then, we conducted spatial statistics and text mining (eight semantic themes) to reveal the spatial patterns and semantic topics for proposing renewal strategies. The results show that: 1) VLMs have a high consistency with humans in evaluating the spatial perception of six dimensions; 2) four renewal priority tiers were identified, with high-score areas concentrated on Tianshan District Government Residential Quarter, Mashi Community, Heping South Road, etc.; and 3) Semantically, low-score areas such as Hongshan Road, Binhe Middle Road, Wuxing South Road, Huhuo Line, etc. emphasize infrastructure, safety, street level and order. We conclude that VLMs add value not only via scalable assessment but also through explanatory language evidence that directly supports tiered renewal and public communication. This work provides a data-driven and interpretable evaluation framework for urban renewal decision-making, facilitating precision-oriented and intelligent regional urban regeneration.

Abstract: This paper conducts a systematic critical analysis of Professor Lao Dongyan of Tsinghua University's public discourse advocating for Zhao Hong of Peking University and supporting the ‘sealing system for public order offences such as drug use’. The analysis is grounded within the normative framework constituted by Marxist legal principles and Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law. The research aims to examine the consistency and tensions between her argumentative system and the Marxist legal stance, as well as the overall national security outlook. Methodologically, this study first abstractly reconstructs Professor Lao's core argumentative chains concerning record sealing, cyberspace governance, and criminal law restraint, delineating her premises, problem definitions, and reasoning pathways. Subsequently, employing a multi-level logical diagnostic approach, we conduct a dual examination of both form and substance at the levels of semantic premises, problem structures, and rules of inference. This analysis is normatively contrasted with Marxist jurisprudence's ‘people-centred approach,’ ‘class analysis,’ and ‘historical and structural perspectives,’ as well as Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law's comprehensive national security outlook and its tripartite framework of ‘security-development-rights.’ The findings indicate that while the argument offers valuable insights in clarifying the boundaries between public order offences and criminal acts, resisting over-criminalisation, and countering ‘public opinion trials,’ it exhibits several structural biases. These include: narrowing the concept of ‘the people’ to a specific rights-bearing group; simplifying the security-development-rights triad into a unidimensional opposition between ‘state power and individual rights’; overemphasising risks to rights, confounding factual and value judgements, and flattening heterogeneous critiques into a homogeneous discursive object. The conclusion posits that this logic system centred on ‘rights-risk-technological governance’ is only partially compatible with Marxist jurisprudence. Overall, it has yet to genuinely address the value hierarchy demanding ‘people's security as the purpose, political security as the foundation, and national interests as paramount.’ Therefore, in institutional debates concerning drug governance and internet governance, it is necessary to conduct substantive calibration and reconstruction of relevant theoretical discourses and institutional designs, while upholding the people's stance and the overall national security outlook.

Abstract: This study examines why Generation Z in Surabaya remains reluctant to live in vertical housing despite strong urbanization pressures and policy promotion. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach with 340 respondents aged 18–27, the research identifies six key factors influencing preferences: physical environment, psychological-social concerns, social status and stress, economic considerations, and cultural accommodation. Factor analysis explains 45.1% of total variance, while structural equation modeling reveals that physical environment preferences play a central mediating role. Economic factors affect psychological-social concerns both directly and indirectly, and cultural accommodation strongly shapes social status perceptions but does not directly influence physical preferences. Qualitative analysis of 411 statements shows consistently negative psychological themes, predominantly negative economic sentiments, and more balanced views of physical attributes. The findings extend housing preference theory by highlighting how cultural and economic influences shape psychological acceptance through indirect pathways, challenging traditional models that view choices as purely rational or discrete. The study recommends that planners and developers integrate culturally sensitive design, address financial anxieties through innovative ownership schemes, and tailor communication strategies to engage psychological and cultural concerns rather than relying solely on modern facility offerings

Abstract: This study examines the effectiveness of an eight-week AI training program aimed at en-hancing teacher candidates' pedagogical competence and AI literacy in rapidly changing and evolving educational environments. Due to the rapid change and development of our age, the change and transformation of education, which is one of the most important ele-ments of our lives, cannot be ignored. Accordingly, the integration of teacher candidates, one of the stakeholders of education, into technological developments is very important for both the efficiency and sustainability of education. The "parallel–simultaneous de-sign", one of the mixed research methods in which quantitative and qualitative research methods are used together, was employed. Based on this purpose, the study started with a needs analysis conducted with 33 teacher candidates studying in different branches at the faculty of education. Thanks to the needs analysis, knowledge gaps, digital skill levels and readiness for integration into artificial intelligence tools in future classrooms were deter-mined. Its application in teacher candidates instead of teachers in the profession was de-termined by needs analysis. It has been concluded that it will be more beneficial to apply the education of the future to the teachers of the future and that they will be able to adapt to these trainings more easily. Based on all these, a pre-test-posttest design was applied to observe the changes of the participants and an artificial intelligence literacy scale was used. QDA Miner Lite was used for the analysis of qualitative data, and SPSS 29.0 was used for the analysis of quantitative data. During the eight-week training, Gamma pro-grams were used for presentation, Suno for audio, Mindjourney for visual and Chatgpt for descriptive search in order to provide better quality education to the participants. While practicing with these applications, a more up-to-date education is aimed with activities that reveal problem-solving skills that include critical thinking exercises. According to the results obtained, it was revealed that the teacher candidates who thought that they were undecided or had insufficient knowledge reached a sufficient level in the post-test. In the light of these results, it reveals that artificial intelligence-oriented education is effective in developing sustainable pedagogical skills, digital literacy, readiness and professional self-confidence and offers evidence-based recommendations for the design of future teacher training programs.

Abstract: The newly revised Law of the People's Republic of China on Penalties for Public Order Violations introduces a "system for sealing public order violation records," with the sealing of records for acts such as drug use sparking intense public debate. Zhao Hong, a researcher at Peking University Law School, has systematically articulated several key arguments in multiple media outlets in defence of the sealing system. These include: "Drug use constitutes an administrative offence rather than a criminal act"; "Sealing records embodies the legal system's civilised approach to tolerance for error and rehabilitation"; and "Opposition to governing society through ancient-style branding methods akin to facial tattooing." This article meticulously reconstructs his principal arguments while introducing Marxist legal theory, Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and key anti-drug directives, formal logic and argumentation theory, alongside comparative Western jurisprudential experience concerning "criminal record sealing/expungement" to conduct a multidimensional critical analysis of his discourse. The research indicates: on the one hand, Zhao Hong's conceptual distinctions between "public order offences versus criminal offences" and "sealing versus expungement" possess a certain enlightening significance, and formally align with contemporary international trends towards "stigma removal and reintegration promotion". On the other hand, his argumentation exhibits significant blind spots in terms of class analysis, the people's stance, and the overall security perspective: it inadequately exposes the class structures and inequalities underlying drug issues; lacks a holistic grasp of the tension between "people's security" and "individual rights"; and insufficiently internalises Xi Jinping's requirements for "zero tolerance" in drug control, coordinating security and development, and adhering to bottom-line thinking (You Quanrong, 2023; Xi Jinping, 2015; Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee, 2020). Logically, it extrapolates universal sealing from a minority of minor offences and counters public security anxieties by occupying the moral high ground of "modern rule of law civilisation," exhibiting a structural bias of "substituting risk analysis with moralising rhetoric." From a comparative law perspective, Western legal systems predominantly adopt a refined "tiered-conditional-exceptional" model, excluding acts severely endangering public safety from blanket sealing while supplementing this with rigorous procedures and ex post facto review mechanisms. This paper ultimately proposes that for the sealing system of public security violation records to embody the humanitarian concerns of socialist rule of law within the Chinese context while aligning with the overarching national security outlook and the practical logic of the "people's war" on drugs, it must introduce mechanisms such as tiered sealing, strict exceptions, procedural participation, and dynamic assessment at both legislative and discursive levels. Concurrently, it must theoretically return to the people-centred stance and practice-oriented approach emphasised by Marxist jurisprudence and Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law.

Abstract: The study explores the influence of teacher-student relationships on student motivation and engagement in private universities in Cambodia. Drawing on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with undergraduate students across different academic years, the research investigates students’ perceptions of relational dynamics with their teachers and examines how these interactions shape their academic motivation. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes: mutual respect and approachability, teacher support and encouragement, communication style and emotional tone, the balance between friendliness and formality, and the impact of cultural norms on classroom interactions. Findings indicate that positive, respectful, and supportive teacher-student relationships foster intrinsic motivation, enhance engagement, and promote a sense of belonging among students. Conversely, negative communication, favoritism, and excessive formality can undermine motivation and participation. The study highlights the importance of culturally sensitive relational pedagogy, suggesting that teachers who balance empathy with professionalism and adapt to local cultural expectations are most effective in motivating students. Implications for teacher training and institutional policy are discussed, emphasizing the need for professional development in relational and socio-emotional skills.

Abstract: This paper addresses a decisive anomaly identified in the Mayer (2025) report: in AI-related nightmares, 93% of cases fixate on the AI interaction interface itself rather than on narrative content. To explain this “formal fixation,” we propose a paradigm-shifting Interaction Architecture Internalization Model, which posits that the cognitive system internalizes the abstract logic and temporal structure of goal-directed interactions through the accumulation of a Learning Time Delay Dose. When this dose exceeds a critical threshold, a cognitive phase transition occurs, solidifying the interaction architecture as an internal framework. Grounded in insights from Piaget, Chomsky, Einstein, Wiener, and Landau, the model not only provides a unified explanation for phenomena from language acquisition to personality formation but also generates specific, empirically testable predictions. It forecasts, for instance, that systemic fluctuations in interaction delays (e.g., widespread server latency) will catalyze architectural internalization, a prediction corroborated by analyzed dream reports from such periods. Methodologically, the Learning Time Delay Equivalence Principle circumvents the “Problem of Other Minds,” establishing an objective foundation, while the theory’s “blinded loop” validation—stemming from an academic misunderstanding—uniquely confirms its a priori predictive power. Ultimately, we advocate for a “Statistical Mechanics of Cognition,” where time delay dose acts as an order parameter, prioritizing the dynamics of form over the semantics of content.