Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract: The Clausius–Mossotti (CM) factor underpins the theoretical description of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and is widely used in micro- and nano-scale systems for frequency-dependent particle and cell manipulation. It has further been proposed as an “electrophysiology Rosetta Stone”, capable of linking DEP spectra to intrinsic cellular electrical properties. In this paper, the mathematical foundations and interpretive limits of this proposal are critically examined. By analysing contrast factors derived from Laplace’s equation across multiple physical domains, it is shown that the CM functional form is a universal consequence of geometry, material contrast, and boundary conditions in linear Laplacian fields, rather than a feature unique to biological systems. Key modelling assumptions relevant to DEP are reassessed. Deviations from spherical symmetry lead naturally to tensorial contrast factors through geometry-dependent depolarisation coefficients. Complex, frequency-dependent CM factors and associated relaxation times are shown to arise inevitably from the coexistence of dissipative and storage mechanisms under time-varying forcing, independent of particle composition. Membrane surface charge influences DEP response through modified interfacial boundary conditions and effective transport parameters, rather than by introducing an independent driving mechanism. These results indicate that DEP spectra primarily reflect boundary-controlled field–particle coupling. From an inverse-problem perspective, this places fundamental constraints on parameter identifiability in DEP-based characterisation. The CM factor remains a powerful and general modelling tool for micromachines and microfluidic systems, but its interpretive scope must be understood within the limits imposed by Laplacian field theory.

Abstract: This work presents an ultra-compact three-way power splitter designed for photonic integrated circuits using topology optimization driven by a custom-developed genetic algorithm. The proposed approach enables global shape reconfiguration within a confined footprint of only 1.88 λ² (λ = 1550 nm), while maintaining high transmission uniformity and minimal mode mismatch. Nearly equal power splitting is achieved with output arms separated by approximately 90°. After gradient-based refinement, the splitter reaches a total transmission efficiency of 90.6%, with only 3.75% reflection and 5.65% radiation losses. This paper constitutes the first reported demonstration of sharp angle three-way power splitting within a sub-2 λ² footprint in a low index contrast (εᵣ ≈ 4.0) platform (such as Si₃N₄-on-SiO₂) through a single jointly optimized junction region. A minimum feature size of 125 nm ensures full compatibility with standard lithography and current fabrication techniques. This approach therefore offers a robust and fabrication-friendly solution for next generation high density power-divider systems.

Abstract: The current Standard Model of particle physics explains the production of new particles in colliders through "quantum field excitations" and "mass-energy conversion" based on relativistic properties. This theoretical framework suffers from fundamental ontological issues such as "fictitious particle nature" and "redundant interactions." We propose the Great Tao Model, grounded in the fundamental facts of classical physics and clear logical principles. It simplifies the basic constituents of the universe to three stable elementary particles with inherent, immutable mass: the electron, the positron, and the subston. Through the mechanisms of "temporary fragmentation of elementary particles" and "classical force coupling," this model provides a unified explanation for the hundreds of "new particle" phenomena observed in colliders. This paper first critiques the methodological fallacy of the current practice which relies on the relativistic mass-energy relationship and indirectly characterizes particle mass using energy units. It then systematically elaborates on the definition of elementary particles in the Great Tao Model, the rules of fragment formation (including the energy threshold for electron/positron fragmentation), and derives the mechanisms for classical coupling and decay (disintegration) of composite particles. Research indicates that all new particles observed in colliders are short-lived composites formed by the coupling of three fundamental particles or their fragments, with no "quantum field excitation states" involved. Electron/positron fragments can be transiently produced at MeV-scale energies; however, their extremely short lifetimes (∼10-27 s) necessitate ultra-high-energy collisions at the TeV scale to potentially obtain discernible indirect observational signals. This prediction stands in sharp conceptual opposition to the mainstream model.The paper concludes by outlining the verification pathways for the theory: the core lies in the direct detection of the subston and the classical reinterpretation of existing data; the observation of electron fragmentation at extremely high energies serves as a long-term decisive test. This framework eliminates the quantum fictions and relativistic assumptions of the Standard Model, offering a systematic explanation for collider particle phenomena that aligns with classical physical logic and entity realism.

Abstract: The motivation for investigating the issues presented in this article stemmed from a discovery that resulted from using the magnetic flux quantum, that combine the Planck's constant and the Elementary charge. It led to a new relationship between the combined expressions, it reviled that the mass of the electron is associated with the magnitude of the square of the magnetic flux quantum. Also, It revile a novel significance of the vacuum permittivity constant (in SI units), that relies also on an analogy to the kinetic theory of gases. By using the concept of the nucleus motion around the center of mass shared with the electron in the Hydrogen atom, along with defineing the orbital angular momentum of the proton at the trajectory around the center of mass, yield a velocity of the proton at this trajectory, and also a new physical constant which fulfill a similar role like the fine structure constant. The new constant yield results for the proton and neutron masses and their radii. Another aspect presented in a briefly way, demonstrates the connection between the square of the magnetic flux quantum through the Bohr radius that provides a novel significance of the wave function in the atom. This paper presents also a new perspective on the internal structure of the proton and neutron with their quarks, and on the origin of the weak force bosons associated with this internal structure. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of two energy levels on which the Up and Down quarks are in orbit, and a third energy level that equal to ~ 80 [Gev], that plays a central role in the decay process via the weak force. The results are in full accordance with the results published by NIST CODATA 2018 that I’ve used, validating the results.

Abstract: In the Earth–Moon–Sun system, the Newtonian gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Moon exceeds the force exerted by the Earth. A naive force-magnitude interpretation might therefore suggest that the Moon should be classified as a planet orbiting the Sun rather than as a satellite of the Earth. Newtonian mechanics resolves this situation through relative motion and stability analysis; however, it does not introduce a primitive scalar criterion that determines binding dominance in multi-body systems. This paper presents Desmos theory as an axiomatic framework that embeds Newtonian gravity as a strict special case, connects consistently with General Relativity through a metric-based transformation, and admits a formal correspondence with energy quantization. Desmos is interpreted as a causal and explanatory layer that classifies structural binding prior to dynamics, geometry, or quantization.

Abstract: Inspired by Niels Bohr’s correspondence principle, this paper proposes and preliminarily validates a universal framework for self-organized dynamics. The framework posits that when a system is in a state of deep and sustained coupling with its environment, the generation of its internal structure is not driven by specific informational content but triggered by the accumulation of a time-delayed dose. Once the dose reaches a system-specific critical threshold, the system undergoes a non-equilibrium phase transition, spontaneously generating an internal structure that is logically isomorphic to the dominant environmental rule—a process termed rule replication. Intense fluctuations in the environment can significantly accelerate dose accumulation. The explanatory power and preliminary predictive potential of this theoretical framework are demonstrated through three independent case studies across different scales: quantum physics (controlling entanglement dynamics by engineering a non-Markovian environment), biomedicine (social isolation stress triggering specific prefrontal protein network restructuring and compulsive behavior), and socio-cognitive phenomena (large-scale AI interaction leading to the emergence of corresponding syntactic structures in human dreams). This study aims to provide a unified conceptual starting point for understanding structure generation phenomena across scales, from quantum decoherence to cognitive emergence.

Abstract: We propose a conception of the Earth’s lithosphere as a geocosmic system composed of mobile lithospheric plates influenced both by external astronomical factors - such as solar radiation and tidal forces - and by internal planetary processes, including atmospheric and hydrospheric loading and mantle convection. It is shown that the annual periodicity observed in global seismicity has a distinctly astronomical origin, arising from the seasonal modulation of solar radiation between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The atmosphere may act as a mediator that transfers this annual signal to the tectonic plates. This new conceptual framework leads to hypotheses regarding a dynamic coupling between the atmosphere and the lithosphere. These hypotheses form the basis for the next stage of a research program aimed at understanding the Earth’s lithosphere as an integrated geocosmic system.

Abstract: Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the most luminous explosions in the Universe, are generally explained with the highly anisotropic jetted-collapsar-seen-head-on model. We argue that this model has suffered critical experimental setbacks, in particular: non-periodical light curves, quasi-absence of off-axis collapsars, frequent absence of associated supernovae (SNe), weird exclusivity of type 1c/1b SNe, unexplainable ultra-long GRBs, not to mention severe internal inconsistencies. To overcome these issues, we call for a paradigm change. We suggest modelling long GRBs as isotropic explosions powered by unbinding neutron stars (NSts). We argue that such tremendous explosions (“teranovae”) may occur during collisions between high-velocity (HV) magnetars and blue supergiant stars. Such collisions have indeed much more chances to occur in high-density blue galaxies ‒ where indeed most bursts are observed. A HV-NSt punching into a supergiant enters “Hyper-Eddington mode”, accretes 5-10 M⊙ or more in a short time, reaches extreme temperatures and unbinds within the host star. The detonation blows away the supergiant’s external layers, creating the H&He stripped core necessary for the ensuing 1c-SN. When the core is smashed into pieces, or left behind the optically thick ejecta, we witness a SN-lacking long GRB. We show that this model fits nicely to most observational data.

Abstract: We formulate an operational hypothesis—the Synchronization Latency Principle—as a disciplined extension of an “Information Audit” viewpoint within a locality-preserving quantum cellular automaton (QCA) framework. The central claim is scoped in a referee-proof way: matter-like excitations are auditable images that are not certified at a single-site update, but only after an audit closes over a minimal local neighborhood. In three dimensions, a nearest-neighbor stencil suggests a (1 + 6) block of cardinality 7; under explicit circuit-locality and audit assumptions, we show a clean lower bound Daudit ≥ 7 on the micro-depth needed to incorporate all neighbor links into a joint certification. To strengthen the theory beyond narrative plausibility, we add: (i) an operational definition of copy time via hypothesis-testing distinguishability (Helstrom bound), (ii) a quantum-speed-limit style lower bound on τcopy via quantum Fisher information and an explicit “stiffness” parameter χ, (iii) a reproducibility / audit-trail protocol separating priors (calibration) from validation (comparison tables), and (iv) an explicit toy construction with a 7-layer gate schedule. We also separate particle masses (PDG), atomic/isotopic masses (NIST), and nuclear masses (AME-style conversion), with electron and electronic-binding corrections stated and numerically illustrated.

Abstract: We investigate the time-dependent physical spectrum of the driven Jaynes-Cummings model, where both the atom and the quantized field are simultaneously driven by an external classical field. By leveraging the mapping of the time-dependent Hamiltonian onto the standard stationary Jaynes-Cummings form via unitary transformations, we determine the exact two-time correlation functions for both the atomic and field subsystems. These are then employed to compute the time-dependent physical spectrum using the Eberly-Wódkiewicz formalism. Our results demonstrate that the atomic spectral features are significantly reshaped by the external driving, exhibiting tunable asymmetries and shifts. Notably, we find that the driving parameters can be tuned to exactly cancel the initial coherent field amplitude, leading to an effective vacuum limit that recovers the fundamental vacuum Rabi splitting. This provides a clear interpretation of the emission dynamics in terms of the coherent displacement of the cavity field induced by the external drive.

Abstract: We demonstrate that the approach to the balance manifold dynamically suppresses curvature contributions, yielding an effectively flat universe without requiring fine-tuned initial conditions or a turning point in the evolution. Inflation corresponds to a regime of entropy imbalance along the scale-flow trajectory, and its termination occurs naturally as the system reaches balance, without the need for engineered exit mechanisms, additional fields, or potential features. While the full mathematical structure of this result is developed within Newell’s stochastic framework, its cosmological interpretation is most transparently understood through the logarithmic gauge mapping inherent to the entropy-controlled evolution. This establishes the entropy clock as the minimal and physically natural description of early-universe dynamics in the Forced GUT setting. We show that within Newell’s stochastic Forced Grand Unification (Forced GUT) framework, accelerated expansion, spatial flatness, and exit from the inflationary regime arise as structural consequences of entropy-driven scale flow rather than from tuned dynamics or engineered model ingredients. The framework is governed by a stochastic controller whose natural evolution parameter is a logarithmic renormalization variable, σ=ln⁡(μ/μc), describing relaxation toward an entropy-balance (unification) manifold. In this formulation, the logarithmic growth of the scale factor, N=∫Hdt=ln⁡(af/ai), is shown to be purely kinematic, following directly from H=a˙/a, while the physical evolution is controlled by flow in σ.Moreover, in the high-energy limit, the relevant evolution parameter is logarithmic in scale and does not require dynamical normalization to be well-defined.

Abstract: In freeform optical metrology, wavefront fitting over non-circular apertures is hindered by the loss of Zernike polynomial orthogonality and severe sampling grid distortion inherent in standard conformal mappings. To address the resulting numerical instability and fitting bias, we propose a unified framework curve shortening flow (CSF)-guided progressive quasi-conformal mapping (CSF-QCM), which integrates geometric boundary evolution with topology-aware parameterization. CSF-QCM first smooths complex boundaries via curve-shortening flow, then solves a sparse Laplacian system for harmonic interior coordinates, thereby establishing a stable diffeomorphism between physical and canonical domains. For doubly connected apertures, it preserves topology by computing the conformal modulus via Dirichlet energy minimization and simultaneously mapping both boundaries. Benchmarked against state-of-the-art methods (e.g., Fornberg, Schwarz-Christoffel and Ricci flow) on representative irregular apertures, CSF-QCM suppresses area distortion and restores discrete orthogonality of the Zernike basis, reducing the Gram matrix condition number from >900 to < 8. This enables high-precision reconstruction with RMS residuals as low as $3\times10^{-3}\lambda$ and up to 92\% lower fitting errors than baselines. The framework provides a unified, computationally efficient, and numerically stable solution for wavefront reconstruction in complex off-axis and freeform optical systems.

Abstract: This work introduces the Supra-Omega Resonance Framework for Quantum Systems (SORT-QS), a structural operator formalism that adapts the Supra-Omega Resonance Theory from cosmological applications to finite-dimensional quantum devices. The central idea is to represent coherent and incoherent error processes, noise filtering mechanisms and diagnostic procedures in terms of a finite set of idempotent resonance operators \(\{\hat{O}_i\}\), an effective projector \(\hat{H}\) and a nonlocal kernel acting on the operator space rather than on configuration space. In SORT-QS, quantum channels are mapped to structured resonance manifolds in Liouville space, and error sectors are encoded as mutually constrained projectors that satisfy algebraic closure and idempotency. This enables a scale- and mode-selective description of noise, where the analogue of the projection kernel \(\kappa\) defines structural suppression or amplification of specific error components in an abstract frequency or syndrome domain. The framework provides three complementary layers: (i) a purely algebraic resonance space for error classes and stabilizer-like structures, (ii) a kernel-based noise filtering module formulated as a linear transformation on operator-valued modes and (iii) an operator diagnostics layer that quantifies deviations from ideal projector structure as resonance defects. No device-specific assumptions or empirical performance claims are made. Instead, SORT-QS offers a mathematically controlled template that can be instantiated within arbitrary quantum error correction schemes, gate sets and noise models, and serves as a basis for future applications to concrete architectures.

Abstract: We calculate and plot the Wigner functions of several families of highly excited even and odd superpositions of nonlinear coherent states, looking for conditions under which such superpositions can be interpreted as models of the ``Schr\"odinger cat'' states. It appears that the decisive factor is the form of the number distribution functions over the Fock basis: they must have well localized peaks. Otherwise, no ``cat'' structures are observed.

Abstract: The ionospheric conductivity is an important variable determined by the mobility of the charged particles and it also dependent of the plasma, neutral number of densities and charged particles. The ionosphere has advantages to absorb the harmful radiation from the Sun for all radio communications, navigation and surveillance transmissions through it. Temperature, cloudy and precipitations are the most factors to determine the wave mobility in the ionosphere region. The conductivity of the three selected districts depends on the altitude variation during day and night time. At altitudes of about 80 to 5000 km there is a flow of a number of current systems. This study was analysis the daily, monthly and seasonal contour variations of ionospheric conductivity in selected districts with their geographic latitude and longitude value. The wave conductivity was vary and increase throughly for the selected Models of Hall, Pederson and parallel conductivities with height and time variability of the ionospheric conductivities, cloudy and the precipitation was analysed with temperature variation for each districts.

Abstract: The 2-D Ti3C2 (MXene) materials have found applications in various fields, partic-ularly as a candidate for field emission electron source when mixed with carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) as the electron source material. In this study, a novel multilayer film structure utilizing Ti₃C₂ (MXene) / CNTs and fabricate a unique field emitter device using these 2-D Ti3C2 (MXene) / CNT materials have been presented. The material ex-hibits a tensile stress of 950 MPa and a low elongation at break of 8%. Specifically, uti-lizing the sharp edges of this material for emission, the field emission characteristics of Ti3C2 (MXene) and Ti3C2 (MXene) / CNT have been compared. The field emission char-acteristics of Ti3C2 (MXene) and Ti3C2 (MXene) / CNT have been compared. Measuring the current density is up to 3.49 A∙cm-2 at an electric field of 2.91 V∙µm−1, It has low turn-on field (Eon) 1.6 V∙ m-1, and low threshold electric field (Eth) 0.22 μA.cm-2. The field enhancement factor β of Ti3C2 (MXene) / CNT is about 4.5 times more than pristine Ti3C2 (MXene). Utilizing curved tip of Ti3C2 (MXene) / CNT emission, the field emission current device slightly increases surround the vacuum degree from 1.010-3 Pa to 4.710-5, and the current can be emitted steadily for a duration of 1 hour under the voltage of 723 V and vacuum level of 1.010-3 Pa. Those results provide that this kind of multilayer film Ti₃C₂ (MXene) / CNT exhibits exceptional mechanical properties and can be easily shaped, particularly suit to fabricate vacuum electronic devices and other uses.

Abstract: We state a compact result within Newell's Unified Scientific Framework (USF): when dissipative scale evolution is retained as a first-class component of the dynamics (the omni-term), spacetime curvature need not be treated as a fundamental primitive of the external (meta-dynamical, scale-space) description. Instead, curvature arises as an observer-relative effective structure induced by projection onto internal spacetime coordinates (clocks, rulers) and by boundary/coarse-grained reductions. In the internal limit where the scale-flow is suppressed, integrated out, or treated as an effective closure, Einstein-type curvature language is recovered as the appropriate representation of the projected dynamics. The framework therefore distinguishes gravity-as-mechanism (dissipative entropy-driven evolution) from curvature-as-representation (observer-embedded geometry), while preserving standard relativistic phenomenology in the internal description. Finally we describe the mathematical perspective, detailing the cosmological clarification, and it's physical \& mathematical realization.

Abstract: Simulations of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) in dwarf galaxies within 10 Mpc that host bright nuclear star clusters (NSCs), prime candidates for IMBH formation, using the High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral (HARMONI) field spectrograph on the Extremely Large Telescope probes black hole formation in the early Universe. Our approach combines observed surface brightness profiles from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), synthetic stellar population spectra, and Jeans Anisotropic Modeling (JAM) for stellar dynamics. Mock HARMONI observations were generated with the HSIM simulator and analyzed in a Bayesian framework to infer IMBH masses down to 0.5% of the NSC mass. In this work, we extend these simulations by constructing improved stellar-mass models using SimCADO to simulate imaging with the Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations (MICADO). The MICADO data are jointly analyzed with HARMONI kinematics via JAM to reassess IMBH masses and uncertainties. This combined framework enables us to examine how variations in the NSC inner surface-brightness slope influence IMBH mass estimates, providing tighter constraints on low mass black holes and advancing models for IMBH detection in NSCs.

Abstract: The implementation of FLASH Radiotherapy (FRT), characterized by ultra-high dose rates (UHDRs) frequently exceeding 106 Gy/s in microsecond pulses, imposes stringent requirements on real-time dosimetry. Conventional ionization chambers suffer severe ion recombination and space-charge limitations under these conditions. This review summarizes the state of SSD technologies—including conventional standard silicon diodes, advanced SiC diodes, LGADs, and pixel detectors—and compares their performance, linearity, and dynamic range in UHDR environments. Particular attention is devoted to operational modes (integrating vs. counting), saturation mechanisms, and readout electronics, which frequently dominate detector behavior at FLASH conditions. We discuss experimental results from recent UHDR beamlines and highlight emerging concepts that will shape future clinical translation.