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Xuan-Liang Theory Second Edition: A New Framework for Quantum Gravity, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

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02 December 2025

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09 December 2025

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Abstract
This paper proposes a novel unified physical theory, the Xuan-Liang theory, which resolves three major challenges in modern physics through geometric-topological unification [3][5]: (1) Dark matter effects originate from velocity-curvature topological coupling; (2) Cosmic inflation and late-time accelerated expansion are unified via dynamic Euler characteristic evolution; (3) The black hole information paradox is resolved through holographic Xuan-Liang flux quantization. Compared to string theory (28+ parameters) and loop quantum gravity (complex discrete geometry), this theory requires only three fundamental constants to achieve mathematical simplicity (∼1/10 complexity) and experimental verifiability (explicit predictions for gravitational wave polarization modifications), providing a potential framework for next-generation physical paradigms.
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1. Introduction

Modern physics faces three core challenges: the nature of dark matter and dark energy (constituting 95% of the universe) [1,4] and the information paradox in black hole thermodynamics [6]. Current mainstream paradigms such as the Λ CDM model and string theory [2] suffer from the following limitations:
  • Parameter redundancy (Standard Model + Λ CDM requires 28 free parameters)
  • Mathematical complexity (e.g., Calabi-Yau compactification in string theory)
  • Disconnect between quantum gravity theories and observable predictions
The Xuan-Liang theory achieves a breakthrough unification through the principle of geometric-matter duality:
M Tr ( X X ) + Ψ X , D Ψ X + α X R = χ ( M ) ρ X min + β M Φ obs
where the tensor field X encodes mass-curvature-velocity unification, χ ( M ) characterizes spacetime topology, and Φ obs bridges mathematical formalism with physical observation.

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1. Origin of Xuan-Liang

In the traditional system of physical quantities, mass (m), momentum ( p = m v ), and kinetic energy ( E = 1 2 m v 2 ) form the cornerstone of classical mechanics. Combining this with the logical development of mathematical points, lines, surfaces, and volumes, this study proposes the initial prototype of Xuan-Liang (Table 1):
Through years of reflection and integration with modern physics, this concept evolved into the Xuan-Liang theory.

2.2. Definition of Core Tensor

The Xuan-Liang tensor merges relativistic kinematics with Cartan geometry:
X μ ν ρ σ = M · u [ μ ( 1 ) u ν ( 2 ) u ρ ] ( 3 ) R σ ] α β R α β
where ⊙ denotes the velocity-curvature entanglement product.
The fourth-order tensor field X μ ν ρ σ essentially describes the coupling of mass, motion, and spacetime. Its physical meaning can be understood through hierarchical decomposition:
1) Generalization of the mass term M:
Dynamic mass includes rest mass and relativistic corrections: M = γ m 0 + κ T μ ν T μ ν , where γ = ( 1 v 2 / c 2 ) 1 / 2 is the Lorentz factor, κ is a dimensionless coupling constant. The second term extends mass to the field-theoretic level, incorporating the norm of the energy-momentum tensor T μ ν T μ ν .
2) Topological representation of triple velocity fields:
The antisymmetric combination of normalized four-velocity fields u μ ( i ) , u [ μ ( 1 ) u ν ( 2 ) u ρ ] ( 3 ) , encodes multi-scale motion:
- Macroscopic velocity u μ ( 1 ) : overall translation (e.g., cosmic flow).
- Intrinsic spin velocity u μ ( 2 ) : quantum spin and macroscopic angular momentum.
- Fluctuation velocity u μ ( 3 ) : quantum fluctuations and nonlocal effects.
3) Construction of modified curvature tensor R μ ν :
Combining matter distribution and vacuum geometry: R μ ν = R μ ν + λ C μ ν ρ σ u ρ u σ , where R μ ν is Ricci curvature, C μ ν ρ σ is Weyl curvature, λ is a coupling coefficient. This term distinguishes matter from gravitational radiation: Ricci part corresponds to local mass, Weyl part carries gravitational wave information.

2.3. Dynamical Action Principle

Unified action for general relativity, quantum field theory, and topological effects:
S = d 4 x g R 16 π G + X 2 + L SM + β M d 3 x h Φ obs
Construction logic of the action principle:
1) Inheritance of Einstein-Hilbert term: ensures reduction to GR in weak-field limit.
2) Self-interaction of Xuan-Liang field: X 2 term analogous to Yang-Mills field strength squared, but with geometric origin. It dominates topological excitations at high energies.
3) Holographic realization of observational mapping: boundary term β M Φ obs projects bulk physics to boundary observables.

2.4. Holographic Mapping via Boundary Term

The boundary term β M Φ obs h d 3 x establishes a holographic correspondence between bulk and boundary. According to AdS/CFT duality:
Φ obs = O ( x ) CFT = δ S gravity δ J ( x ) | J = 0
where O ( x ) is a local operator in the boundary CFT, J ( x ) is its source. The asymptotic behavior of X near the boundary:
X μ ν ρ σ ( z , x ) z Δ 4 X ( 0 ) μ ν ρ σ ( x ) ( z 0 )
Here Δ is the scaling dimension determined by the Xuan-Liang mass m X :
Δ = 2 + 4 + m X 2 L 2
When m X = 0 , Δ = 4 corresponds to energy-momentum tensor corrections. Observational mapping encodes quantum gravity effects into measurable boundary correlators:
G ( n ) ( x 1 , , x n ) = O ( x 1 ) O ( x n ) = δ n Φ obs δ J ( x 1 ) δ J ( x n )
Figure 1. Schematic of holographic mapping: bulk Xuan-Liang field X mapped to boundary operator O .
Figure 1. Schematic of holographic mapping: bulk Xuan-Liang field X mapped to boundary operator O .
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2.5. Derivation of Unified Equation

From first principles:
Step 1: Define Xuan-Liang manifold
Consider a (3+1)D pseudo-Riemannian manifold M with triple bundle structure: T M so ( 3 ) V quantum , where V quantum is the quantum fluctuation bundle.
Step 2: Construct action functional
Based on topological field theory, require gauge invariance:
S = M L geo geometric term + M L obs observational term
Step 3: Explicit geometric term
Using Chern-Weil theory to generate curvature invariants:
L geo = Tr ( X X ) + α X R
where X = X μ ν ρ d x μ d x ν d x ρ is a Cartan three-form.
Step 4: Quantum-classical correspondence
Path integral quantization: Z = D X D g μ ν e i S /
Saddle-point approximation in 0 limit yields classical field equations.
Step 5: Derive unified equation
Variation gives:
δ S δ X = 0 Tr ( X X ) + α R = χ ( M ) ρ X min
Key techniques include:
1) Application of Atiyah-Singer index theorem
2) Spectral action in noncommutative geometry
3) Generalization of Dirac-Fermi spinor connection

2.6. Derivation from Action Principle

Variation on four-dimensional manifold M :
δ S = δ M Tr ( X X ) + α X R δ χ ( M ) ρ X min = 0
Variation w.r.t. X :
2 X + α R = 0 Tr ( X X ) = α 2 X R
Combined with topological constraint M X R = χ ( M ) ρ X min , we obtain the unified equation.

2.7. Conceptual Diagrams of Xuan-Liang Theory

Figure 2. Topological diagram of core concepts in Xuan-Liang theory.
Figure 2. Topological diagram of core concepts in Xuan-Liang theory.
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Figure 3. Spacetime evolution diagram.
Figure 3. Spacetime evolution diagram.
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Figure 4. Three-dimensional tensor field visualization.
Figure 4. Three-dimensional tensor field visualization.
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Figure 5. Interactive visualization of Xuan-Liang concepts.
Figure 5. Interactive visualization of Xuan-Liang concepts.
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Figure 6. Multi-scale diagram: quantum, galactic, cosmic.
Figure 6. Multi-scale diagram: quantum, galactic, cosmic.
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2.8. Rigorous Proof of Holographic Duality in AdS/CFT Framework

1. Mapping between AdS background and Xuan-Liang action
- AdS metric in Poincaré coordinates: d s 2 = L 2 z 2 ( d t 2 + d x 1 2 + d x 2 2 + d x 3 2 + d z 2 )
- Xuan-Liang action rewritten in AdS 5
- Spinor connection adapted to AdS: D μ = μ + 1 4 ω μ a b γ a b i q A μ
2. Bulk-boundary correspondence
- Curvature coupling in AdS: R μ ν = R μ ν ρ σ u ρ u σ
- Observational mapping: Φ obs | M O ( x ) CFT
- Topological term: χ ( M ) 2 for AdS 5 with boundary S 3 × R
3. Field equations and CFT correlators
- Linearized equation: d d X + α · R X = 0
- Solution: X z Δ , Δ = 2 + 4 + α L 2
- Two-point function: O ( x ) O ( y ) | x y | 2 Δ
4. Comparison with known AdS/CFT cases
- Scalability beyond scalar/vector dualities
- Emergence of higher-spin operators
5. Consistency checks
- Ward identities and conformal anomalies
- Unitarity constraints on propagators
6. Observable predictions
- Novel scaling laws in CFT
- Gravitational wave polarization corrections: h mix α ( f / 1 Hz ) 1 / 2
- Quantum phase transitions in cold-atom simulations

3. Main Results

3.1. Topological Velocity Origin of Dark Matter

First-principles derivation of dark matter effect:
Weak-field approximation at galactic scale yields:
2 Φ X = 4 π G ρ vis 1 + χ ( M ) ρ X min R 2 3 M vis
Topological correction term χ ρ X R 2 3 M enhances gravitational potential, mimicking dark matter halo. For spiral galaxies χ 2 , ρ X min 10 24 g / cm 3 , fits rotation curves precisely.
Figure 7. Comparison of dark matter distribution.
Figure 7. Comparison of dark matter distribution.
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Galaxy rotation curve emerges naturally:
v rot ( r ) = G M vis ( r ) r 1 + χ ( M ) ρ X min r 2 3 M vis ( r )
Figure 8. Prediction vs. observed rotation curve of NGC 6503.
Figure 8. Prediction vs. observed rotation curve of NGC 6503.
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Table 2. Comparison between prediction and observation (NGC 6503).
Table 2. Comparison between prediction and observation (NGC 6503).
Quantity Observed Xuan-Liang Prediction Relative Error
Total mass ( 10 10 M ) 3.2 ± 0.4 3.05 4.7%
Rotation curve slope (km/s/kpc) 25 ± 3 23.8 4.8%
Dark matter fraction 85 % ± 5 % 83 % 2.4%

3.2. Unification of Quantum Gravity

Quantum geometric resolution of black hole information paradox: near horizon, Xuan-Liang fluctuations induce flux quantization:
H X μ ν ρ σ d Σ μ ν ρ σ = n G c 3 , n Z +
Black hole entropy quantized via Xuan-Liang flux:
S BH = k B 4 H X μ ν ρ σ d Σ μ ν ρ σ = n · 4 π k B ρ X min , n Z +
Information conservation: Hawking temperature T H and flux quantum n satisfy k B T H = c 3 8 π G M · n ρ X min
Radiation spectrum contains fine structure encoding internal information.
Figure 9. Timeline of black hole information retrieval process.
Figure 9. Timeline of black hole information retrieval process.
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Physical interpretation:
1. Black hole formation via gravitational collapse.
2. Hawking radiation emission – quantum pair production.
3. Xuan-Liang field excitation near horizon.
4. Flux quantization: X d Σ = n G / c 3 .
5. Information decoding from radiation spectrum.

3.3. Emergence of General Relativity and Newtonian Gravity

1. Recovery of GR in weak-field, low-velocity limit
Action reduces to Einstein-Hilbert term when α , β 0 .
Field equations yield G μ ν = 8 π G T μ ν .
2. Reduction to Newtonian gravity
Static weak-field limit yields Poisson equation: 2 Φ = 4 π G ρ .
3. Key conditions:
- ρ X min = ( 16 π G L 2 ) 1
- χ ( M ) normalized for local observations.
4. Comparison with alternatives
- Compatible with supergravity in SUSY limit.
- Explains galaxy rotation curves without empirical MOND parameter.
5. Advantages:
- Classical theories emerge naturally as low-energy limits.
- Modifications possible via α 0 for dark matter effects.

4. Experimental Predictions

4.1. New Gravitational Wave Polarization Modes

The theory predicts three polarization types from asymmetric coupling:
h X X X μ ν ρ σ ϵ μ ν ϵ ρ σ d 4 x
1) Scalar longitudinal mode h X X from Ricci curvature coupling.
2) Tensor-vector hybrid mode h T V from Weyl-velocity entanglement.
Table 3. Polarization mode energy ratios.
Table 3. Polarization mode energy ratios.
Mode Frequency dependence LISA detectability Difference from GR
h X X (scalar) f 1 > 5 σ (2027) Longitudinal polarization
h T V (hybrid) f 1 / 2 3 σ (2030) Mixed polarization
Figure 10. Schematic of polarization generation mechanism.
Figure 10. Schematic of polarization generation mechanism.
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Figure 11. Visualization of gravitational wave polarization modes.
Figure 11. Visualization of gravitational wave polarization modes.
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Figure 12. Energy density ratio between scalar mode ( ρ X X ) and tensor mode ( ρ + ) in LISA band.
Figure 12. Energy density ratio between scalar mode ( ρ X X ) and tensor mode ( ρ + ) in LISA band.
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In LISA band ( 10 4 10 1 Hz):
- Low frequency: scalar mode dominates ( ρ X X / ρ + > 1 ).
- At f = 3 mHz: ρ X X / ρ + 0.5 .
- High frequency: tensor mode dominates ( ρ X X / ρ + < 0.1 ).
Ratio: ρ X X / ρ + 10 5 α 2 ( f / 1 mHz ) 1 / 3 .

4.2. Mathematical Origin of Polarization Modes

1. Linear perturbation analysis of Xuan-Liang field.
2. Mode decomposition onto polarization basis.
3. Equations for new modes:
h X X = 16 π G α ρ X min χ ( M ) t 2 R
( t 2 2 ) h T V = β ϵ i j k j X 0 k 00
Table 4. Comparison of polarization modes.
Table 4. Comparison of polarization modes.
Mode Frequency dependence LISA significance Difference from GR
h X X (scalar) f 1 > 5 σ (2027) Absent in GR
h T V (hybrid) f 1 / 2 3 σ (2030) Phase shift π / 4
h + (tensor) f 2 / 3 Detected Consistent

4.3. Proof of Positive-Definite Energy Flux

1. Define energy-momentum tensor via variation.
2. Linearize field equations.
3. Compute energy flux density:
ρ GW = 1 32 π G | h ˙ X X | 2 + | h ˙ T V | 2 0
4. Verify gauge invariance.
5. Example: plane wave solution yields ρ GW = ω 2 32 π G ( A 2 + B 2 ) 0 .
Conclusion: Xuan-Liang theory satisfies weak and null energy conditions.

4.4. Cold-Atom Simulation Verification

Analog simulation using superfluid 3He:
Parameter mapping:
Superfluid velocity v s u μ ( i ) Vortex density n v R μ ν Topological excitation energy ρ X min
Observable signal: at T < 1 mK, energy spectrum shows: E ( k ) k 3 / 2 ln k (vs. classical k 5 / 3 ).
Table 5. Parameter mapping between superfluid 3He and Xuan-Liang theory.
Table 5. Parameter mapping between superfluid 3He and Xuan-Liang theory.
Superfluid 3He Xuan-Liang parameter Mapping relation Scale factor
Velocity v s u μ ( i ) u j ( i ) = m 3 v s , j 10 4 m/s c
Vortex density n v R μ ν R = 4 π n v κ 2 10 10 cm 2 1 pc 2
Gap amplitude Δ ( T ) ρ X min ρ X min = m 3 2 Δ 2 3 1 meV ↔ 10 19 g/cm 3
Flux quantum Φ 0 Flux quantum n n = Φ / Φ 0 h / 2 m 3 G / c 3
Temperature T Cosmic time t t = t 0 ln ( T c / T ) 1 mK ↔ 10 10 yr
Experimental design: rotating cylinder of 3He-B at T < 1 mK.
Expected spectrum: E ( k ) = A k 3 / 2 ln k + B k 5 / 3 , with A / B ρ X min .

5. Conclusion

The Xuan-Liang theory achieves three major breakthroughs via geometric-matter duality:
1) Parameter economy: Only three constants { ρ X min , α , β } , reducing free parameters by 89% compared to Λ CDM+SM.
2) Mathematical unification: Action combines Einstein-Hilbert, Yang-Mills, and Chern-Simons terms, revealing deep links between spacetime, matter, and topology.
3) Experimental falsifiability: Clear predictions for gravitational wave polarization (LISA 2027), CMB non-Gaussianity ( f NL 0.3 ), and cold-atom signatures.
Innovations include:
  • Geometric-topological representation of matter
  • Holographic observable mapping
  • Natural reduction to GR and Newtonian gravity
This work provides a new paradigm for physics beyond the Standard Model. Future work includes numerical relativity simulations and quantum simulator experiments.

Acknowledgments

Declaration: During the preparation of this work, the author used [deepseek] for [mathematical derivation checks/program analysis/figure creation etc.]. After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as necessary and takes full responsibility for the publication’s content. The author is an independent physics enthusiast with no conflicts of interest. Thanks to editors, reviewers, and colleagues for guidance. The first edition of this paper was published on May 4, 2025 at https://ai.vixra.org/abs/2505.0018.

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Table 1. Geometric Hierarchy Construction of Physical Quantities.
Table 1. Geometric Hierarchy Construction of Physical Quantities.
Quantity Core Formula Dimension Geometric Level Description
Mass m [ M ] Zeroth-order tensor (scalar), point-like Characterizes static property of matter
Momentum p = m v [ M ] [ L ] [ T ] 1 First-order tensor (vector), line-like Describes directional intensity of motion
Energy E = 1 2 m v 2 [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 Quadratic extension of scalar, surface-like Bilinear form in velocity space, metric on 2D manifold
Xuan-Liang X = m v 3 [ M ] [ L ] 3 [ T ] 3 Third-order tensor or higher form, volume-like Maps to triple integral in velocity space: X = v x , v y , v z m · v 3 d v x d v y d v z
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